partnereink
SCHÖFFER, Miklós
SCHÖFFER, Miklós [Nicolas Schöffer]
sculptor
(6 Sept., 1912, Kalocsa – 8 Jan., 1992, Paris) Schöffer acquired his doctorate in Law then studied at the College of Fine Arts in Budapest. He broke off his studies and traveled to Paris in 1936, and enrolled at the gallery of Sabatté at the International Fine Arts College in Paris. He participated with his paintings in the Autumn Saloon and the Tuilerie Saloon in 1937, and the Saloon of Independents in 1938. He became friends with Emile Bernard, who showed him the paintings of Vincent Van Gogh at the house of Dr. Gachet. He found refuge in Auvergne, during the German Occupation, between 1942 and 1945. His surrealist period began in 1947. He met with his friends in Atlan once a week. In 1948 he participated in the exhibition Salon des Réalités Nouvelles. Following his reading, in 1949, of the book entitled Cybernétique et Société, written by Norbert Wiener, a fundamental change took place in his career. He gave up painting and began working as a sculptor. In 1950, with the help of the engineer, Henri Perlstein, and the financial assistance of André Bloc, he prepared a Térdinamikus elektromos óra (Space-dynamic electrical clock). In 1951 he participated in the exhibition Salon de la Jeune Sculpture and presented his work entitled Space-dynamics 11 in the garden of Musée s’art Moderne. In 1953 he presented his architectural designs at the 8th Congrés International des Géométres, at the Sorbonne. His first cybernetic programmed space-dynamic sculpture, which produced sound effects, being 50 meters tall, was presented at the Exhibition of Public Works, in Paris in 1954, with the cooperation of Jacques Bureau engineer, and the composer Pierre Henry. He held a lecture at the Sorbonne on space-dynamics, and published his first book Le Spatiodynamisme. He participated in the first Abstract Sculpturing exhibition at the Denise René Gallery. The first cybernetic sculpture, the CYSP 1 [Philips] was constructed in 1956, and was introduced to the public within the framework of the Night of Poetry show at the Sarah Bernhardt Theatre. In the same year, on the roof terrace of the La Cité Radieuse building designed by Le Corbusier, he introduced his co-production with Maurice Béjart entitled CYSP 1. and the ballet. In 1957 he presented the materialized designs for the Maison á Cloisons Invisibles, with the cooperation of Philips and Saint Gobain. He produced invisible inner walls with the separation of heat, light, color and different sound effects. He further developed his space dynamics theory, which he presented at Salon de Réalités Nouvelles and the Gradska Galerija Suvremene Umietnosti exhibition in Zagrab. Shcöffer held experimental space-dynamics demonstrations at the Théâtre d'Evreux and the Grand Central Station in New York in 1957. In 1958 he developed his time-dynamics theory, and in the following year he developed the MUSISCOPE with the assistance of J. Leroux engineer and the Philips Corporation. He presented two light-dynamic statues, with moving colorful projectors, at the Museum of Modern Art in Paris. Following the realization of the first show entitled “Strait from the work-shop of Schöffer”, in 1960, he produced the works entitled Mikroidő (Micro-Time) and Luminoscope 1. He produced his works called the Reliefs Sériels in 1961, and the introduction of the Musiscope took place at the Theatre of France together with the work of Pierre Jansen, conducted by Pierre Boulez. His 56 meter tall spinning, light, musical space-dynamic cybernetic light tower was erected in from of the Congressional Palace in Liége (B). He produced his work entitled Mur Lumiére and presented it at the exhibition entitled Mussée d’Art Décoratif “L’Object” in 1962; participated in the film of C. Lelouch entitled Le proper de l’homme. He formed his space-dynamic works at the Réalites Nouvelles. In 1963 he introduced his model, the Tour Lumiére Cybernetique for a 324-meter high Parisian Light tower, to be erected for the new district, La Défense. He held an experimental light-dynamic show at the Théâtre de la Cité. In 1965 Schöffer founded the GIAP (Group International d'Architecture Prospective) architectural group, with the participation of Yona Friedman, Walter Jonas, Paul Maymont, Georges Patrix, Michel Ragon, and Ionel Schein. They published the book entitled Visionnaire d’ Architecture, and held their first exhibition in New York. The PRIZMA (Prism) was produced, which was presented in Paris. The Voom-Voom, the first space-dynamic records depot, was founded in St. Tropez. In 1968 he won the grand award of the 34th Biennial of Venice, furthermore he was awarded the award of the Legion of Honor. A light-dynamic performance was held at the Opera House of Hamburgunder the title of Les Globolinks (with the choreography of Gian Carlo Menotti and Alwin Nikolais). The Lumino-series began with the cooperation of Philips. He exhibited at the Modern Arts Museums of Rome and Paris in 1969, and presented his Prism at the YEAA exhibition in Tokio, then again in Norway. He participated with his works entitled Minieffects and Minisculptures at the Denise René Gallery in Paris, and held an audio-visual demonstration in the street in front of the Musée d’Art Moderne. In the same year he was the lecturer of architectural faculty of the École Nationale Superieure des Beaux-Arts de Paris. In 1970 at the World Exhibition in Osaka, Japan he presented the 12-meter high maquette of the Cybernetic Light Tower of Paris. He exhibited his large Prism at the Howard Gallery and the Museum of Oxford. He also exhibited a prism at the Museum of Modern Art in Tel Aviv in 1971. In 1972 he received the Officers Degree of the Legion of Honors. In 1973 he presented his first automobile sculpture in the streets of Milan (SCAM 1). Schöffer held an experimental cybernetic demonstration at the Opera House of Hamburg under the title of KYLDEX 1 (music: Peirre Henry, choreography: Alwin Nikolais). In 1974 he participated in the Open Circuit Conference in New York, and art Conferences in Athens. He produced and presented his Varetra works, and the reconstruction plans for the Market-Hall of Paris. He erected a 20-meter high space-dynamic sculpture, a version of the Chronos, at the Embarcadero Center in San Fransisco, and a large prism in the chapel of the Sorbonne. In 1976 he received a commission for the exhibition entitled Tíz évszázad Magyar művészete (Ten Centuries of Hungarian Art). He prepared four serigraphs for the Cabinet des Estampes collection. He received the AIAP honor, and held a lecture in front of the Cybernetic Society of the Sorbonne. In 1977 he completed his first light-dynamic carpet, woven from semi-transparent plastic pipes. The Chronos 15 statue was erected in Bonn, while the Chronos 10 in Saint-Jacques de Metz. This was the first year he traveled to Hungary. In 1978 he prepared his work entitled Téléluminoscope 2., and his programmed piece operating with solar cells entitled Soleil (Sun). In 1979 he produced his Delta statues, and his Sun Tower (Tours-Soleil). In 1980 his Chronos 10 B. statue was erected in Munich (16m), and his Chronos 10 in the Open Air Statue Park of Tino Rossi. With the cooperation of Lajos Dargay a Schöffer museum was opened in Kalocsa. In 1981 a pedagogical experiment series was begun under the name of Graphilux in Kalocsa, at kindergartens and primary schools. He conducted musical experiments within the framework of the IRCAM Computer Sound-structure Research program. In 1982 he was co-opted into the Fine Arts Branch of the French Academy, In Hungary he received the bronze award from the Hungarian Republic’s Order of Flags. He created the so-called Billenő (Tilting) sculptures. The 24 meter high cybernetic light tower named Chronos 8 was erected in Kalocsa. In 1983 he received a separate hall in at the International Electra Exhibition in Paris. Schöffer created his Hydrothermochronos works, composed of water, fire and lasers, in the same year. The large Prism was erected at the Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest, together with the Chronos 5. sculpture. He published his research conducted with the IRCAM program. He received the Knight Award of the Legion of Honor. In 1984 the first International Schöffer Seminar was held in Kalocsa (New technologies in Modern Artistic Research). In 1985 he produced the works entitled Percussonor and Sloeolson, and finished the plans of the Heliocephalochronos. The Second International Schöffer Seminar was organized in Kalocsa (Computers and Poetry, with the cooperation of Hungarian Workshop of Paris). Due to his illness he experimented with left hand graphical techniques (Choreogrphiques). He received the Leonardo Award from the International Society for the Arts, Science and Technology. In 1987 and 1988 he exhibited the CYSP 1 in the USA. The 40 meter high work entitled Lyoneon was erected in front of a sub-way station in Lyon on the place d’Arsonval, while the 27 meter Tour d’Aint at the meeting point of the A40 and A42 highways. In 1988 he began new experimentation with graphics on Macintosh computers (Ordigraphics). In 1989 Schöffer received the Commanding Officer’s rank of the Legion of Honor. Schöffer’s works were exhibited at number of exhibitions. Even following his death (e.g.: 1994: Centre Noroit, Arras; Pompidou Centre, Paris; Munich; 1996: Paris, Tokyo, etc.). The Lux 10 was exhibited at the Kiyoharu Shirakaba Museum, then at the Modern Arts Museum of Tokyo. The first web site of his art was designed at this time (the work of Partick Malan and Eléonore Schöffer) In 1988 the Cybernetic Light tower of Liége was restored, and was chosen part of the Belgian National Heritage. The International Schöffer Honorary Community held its first meeting in Paris in the same year.
One-Man Shows:
1947, 1948 • Galerie Breteau, Paris
1950 • Galerie des Deux-Iles, Paris
1952 • Galerie Mai, Paris • Galerie des Beaux Arts
1953 • Galerie Colette Allendy
1958 • Galerie Denise René, Paris
1960 • Institute of Contemporary Arts, London
1961 • Palais des Beaux Arts de Bruxelles
1962 • Galerie Breteau, Paris • Galerie des Deux-Iles
1963 • Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Pavillon de Marsan, Paris
1964 • Stedelijk M., Amsterdam • Eindhoven • Tel-Aviv
1965 • SIGMA, Bordeaux • Jewish Museum, New York [with Jean Tinguely]
1966 • Galerie of Modern Art, Washington [with Jean Tinguely] • Walker Art Center, Minneapolis [with Jean Tinguely] • Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh [with Jean Tinguely] • Contemporary Art Council of the Seattle Art Museum (USA) [with Jean Tinguely]
1968 • Gallery Waddel, New York • Kunsthalle, Düsseldorf • Farnese Studio, Rome
1970 • Denise René Galerie, Paris • Krefeld (D)
1972 • Gallery D. René, New York • University Neuchâtel (CH)
1973 • M. d'Aarau (CH) • Centre Industria Montedison, Milan
1974 • G. Arte, Caracas • Museum of Modern Art, Paris • Galerie Denise René, Paris
1976 • Műcsarnok, Budapest
1982 • Galerie Artcurial, Paris • Műcsarnok, Budapest
1989 • Hungarian Institute, Paris
1993 • N. Schöffer and J. Tinguely, Galerie Denise René, Paris
1994 • Idéospher de N. Schöffer, Amiens • Beauvais • Laon • Retrospectiv Exhibition, Munich
1998 • De la figuration a la cybernétique, Association „Le Pont Neuf”, Paris. Selected Group Exhibitions:
1946 • Exposition Internationale de l'UNESCO, Paris
1947 • Peintres, sculpteurs et graveurs hongrois de l'École de Paris, Galerie de Bussy, Paris • Salon des Réalités Nouvelles
1948 • La Rose des Vents, Galerie des Deus-Iles, Paris
1951 • Salon de la Jeun Sculpture
1953 • Quatre et Quatre
1954, 1956 • Exhibition of Abstract Sculpture, Denise René Galerie, Paris
1957 • Salon des Réalités Nouvelles • Gradska G. Suvremene Umietnosti, Zagrab
1958 • Art of the 21th century, [Palais des Expositions/Charleroi], Denise René Galerie, Paris • Sculpture, Galerie Claude Bernard, Paris • Young Sculptors and Painters, Rodin Museum, Paris • Contemporary French Sculpture, Rodin Museum, Paris
1959 • Salon of The Young Sculptors • 5th Biennial of Outdoor Sculpture, Anvers (FR) • Leverkusen Museum, Leverkusen • 53. Congres International des Chrysanthemistes, Rouen • Documenta 2, Kassel
1961 • National Gallery of Rhodesia, Salisbury • 6th Biennial of São Paulo (BR)
1962 • Artist et Objets, Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris
1964 • Documenta 3, Museum Fridericianum, Kassel • Ten Years, Tate Gallery, London
1966 • Light and Motion, Musée d'Art Moderne, Paris • GIAP-Exhibition, Galerie Arnaud, Paris
1967 • Carnegie International, Pittsburgh • La Luce, G. l'Obelisco, Rome
1970 • The Exhibition of The Mendoza Foundation, Caracas • Twentieth Century Artists of Hungarian Extraction Living Abroad, Műcsarnok, Budapest
1971 • 4th Exhibition of Contemporary Sculpture, Rodin Múzeum, Paris • Art and Science, Tel-Aviv
1972 • Art and Craft Technologies, Vitry-sur-Seine
1976 • Kunst Licht in der malerei, Munich • Art and Science, Ville de Gentilly (FR) • Objects in the City, Luxemburg • Carpets of Five Centuries, Musée Beauvais (FR)
1977 • 8th International Biennial of Textile Art, Lausanne • Exhibition of Architecture, Bonn
1978 • Documentary Exhibition of Architecture, Chatou (FR)
1979 • Présence Paris-Budapest, Orangerie des Jardins du Luxembourg, Paris
1981 • The 2nd Henry Moore Grand Prize, Hakone Open-Air Museum (JP)
1982 • Reverence to Fatherland, Műcsarnok, Budapest
1984 • 100 Great Life-work, Grand Palais, Paris • Hommage à Michel Ragon, Alt Center, Paris
1987 • Light Sculpture, Amstelveen (NL) • Art in Europe, Museum of Modern Art, Saint-Étienne • Computer and Art, Museum of Modern Art, Syracuse és Cincinnati (USA)
1988 • Gallery IBM, New York • Hommage cinematographique à N. Schöffer, Galerie Pompidou, Paris
1989 • Exhibition of The French Academy, Moscow • Choréographics et Ordigraphics, Galerie Denise René, Paris
1991 • Academy of Fine Arts Château d'O, Montpellier • 4th Sculpture Biennial, Auxerre
1992 • Art and Motion. Exhibition of The Maeght Foundation, Saint Paul de Vence • First Studies to the restoration of the Liège Tower • FIAC, Galerie Denise René, Paris
1993 • Hungarian Institute, Paris
1994 • Hommage à N. Schöffer, Centre Noroit, Arras • Avantgarde Art in Europe, Bonn • Villes radicales et Mégastructures, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris
1996 • Les Champs de la Sculpture, Champs-Elysées, Paris • [LUX 10.], Kiyoharu Shirakaba M., Tokio
1998 • [LUX 14 S.E.C.], Sculpture Festival, Taivan • Exhibition of the Paris City Hall [Display of the Cybernetic Light Tower in Paris].
Books:
Le Spatiodynamisme, 1954
La ville cybernetique, 1969 (1972)
Le nouvel Esprit Artistique, 1970
La Tour Lumière Cybernetique, 1973
La Nouvelle Charte de la Ville, 1974
Művészet és Társadalom (Art and Society) (album), 1976
Perturbation et Chronocratie, 1978
La Théorie des Miroirs, 1981
Varigraphies (album), Budapest, 1987
Surface et Espace, 1990.
Films:
Sculptures, Projections, Peintures, 1956
Fer Chaud, 1957
Spatiodynamisme, 1958
Mayola, 1958
A liège-i Fénytorony (The Liège Light Tower), 1961
TV-történeti program: Fénydinamikus variációk (TV-Historical Program: Light-dinamical Variations) (video-tentative relay), 1961)
Pavillon de Marsan, 1963
Le GIAP, 1965
Tout voir, 1966
Astronomie (ballet with the music of Pierre Henry), 1968
A Défense negyedbe tervezett Kibernetikus Fénytorony, (The Cybernetic Light Tower designed to the „Défense” Quarter) 1971
Kyldex 1., 1973
N. Schöffer, 1973
Luminodinamikus variációk (Luminodynamic Variations), 1974
Le grand Prisme de la Sorbonne, 1974
N. Schöffer, 1983
Sík és Tér (Plane and Space), 1991
Schöffer életműve (Schöffer’s Lifework) (a film made for this event: Manifest, une histoire paralléle) Académie Amiens, 1992
Tér-Fény-Idő (Space-Light-Time) [directed.: Bernard Vincent], 1994.
Tv-films:
Nicolas Schöffer művei, (Schöffer’s Works) MTV, 1980
Nicolas Schöffer, MTV Budapest, 1981
Fénydinamikus variációk, (Luminodynamic Variations) ATV, 1982.
Bibliography:
Hahn, O.: ~, sculpteur de la lumière, L'Express, Paris, 1966. május 9.
Habasque, G.-Cassou, J.: ~ (monogr., Neuchâtel, 1963)
Sers, P.: Beszélgetés Schöfferrel, Paris, 1971
Aknai, T.: ~, Budapest, 1975.
sculptor
(6 Sept., 1912, Kalocsa – 8 Jan., 1992, Paris) Schöffer acquired his doctorate in Law then studied at the College of Fine Arts in Budapest. He broke off his studies and traveled to Paris in 1936, and enrolled at the gallery of Sabatté at the International Fine Arts College in Paris. He participated with his paintings in the Autumn Saloon and the Tuilerie Saloon in 1937, and the Saloon of Independents in 1938. He became friends with Emile Bernard, who showed him the paintings of Vincent Van Gogh at the house of Dr. Gachet. He found refuge in Auvergne, during the German Occupation, between 1942 and 1945. His surrealist period began in 1947. He met with his friends in Atlan once a week. In 1948 he participated in the exhibition Salon des Réalités Nouvelles. Following his reading, in 1949, of the book entitled Cybernétique et Société, written by Norbert Wiener, a fundamental change took place in his career. He gave up painting and began working as a sculptor. In 1950, with the help of the engineer, Henri Perlstein, and the financial assistance of André Bloc, he prepared a Térdinamikus elektromos óra (Space-dynamic electrical clock). In 1951 he participated in the exhibition Salon de la Jeune Sculpture and presented his work entitled Space-dynamics 11 in the garden of Musée s’art Moderne. In 1953 he presented his architectural designs at the 8th Congrés International des Géométres, at the Sorbonne. His first cybernetic programmed space-dynamic sculpture, which produced sound effects, being 50 meters tall, was presented at the Exhibition of Public Works, in Paris in 1954, with the cooperation of Jacques Bureau engineer, and the composer Pierre Henry. He held a lecture at the Sorbonne on space-dynamics, and published his first book Le Spatiodynamisme. He participated in the first Abstract Sculpturing exhibition at the Denise René Gallery. The first cybernetic sculpture, the CYSP 1 [Philips] was constructed in 1956, and was introduced to the public within the framework of the Night of Poetry show at the Sarah Bernhardt Theatre. In the same year, on the roof terrace of the La Cité Radieuse building designed by Le Corbusier, he introduced his co-production with Maurice Béjart entitled CYSP 1. and the ballet. In 1957 he presented the materialized designs for the Maison á Cloisons Invisibles, with the cooperation of Philips and Saint Gobain. He produced invisible inner walls with the separation of heat, light, color and different sound effects. He further developed his space dynamics theory, which he presented at Salon de Réalités Nouvelles and the Gradska Galerija Suvremene Umietnosti exhibition in Zagrab. Shcöffer held experimental space-dynamics demonstrations at the Théâtre d'Evreux and the Grand Central Station in New York in 1957. In 1958 he developed his time-dynamics theory, and in the following year he developed the MUSISCOPE with the assistance of J. Leroux engineer and the Philips Corporation. He presented two light-dynamic statues, with moving colorful projectors, at the Museum of Modern Art in Paris. Following the realization of the first show entitled “Strait from the work-shop of Schöffer”, in 1960, he produced the works entitled Mikroidő (Micro-Time) and Luminoscope 1. He produced his works called the Reliefs Sériels in 1961, and the introduction of the Musiscope took place at the Theatre of France together with the work of Pierre Jansen, conducted by Pierre Boulez. His 56 meter tall spinning, light, musical space-dynamic cybernetic light tower was erected in from of the Congressional Palace in Liége (B). He produced his work entitled Mur Lumiére and presented it at the exhibition entitled Mussée d’Art Décoratif “L’Object” in 1962; participated in the film of C. Lelouch entitled Le proper de l’homme. He formed his space-dynamic works at the Réalites Nouvelles. In 1963 he introduced his model, the Tour Lumiére Cybernetique for a 324-meter high Parisian Light tower, to be erected for the new district, La Défense. He held an experimental light-dynamic show at the Théâtre de la Cité. In 1965 Schöffer founded the GIAP (Group International d'Architecture Prospective) architectural group, with the participation of Yona Friedman, Walter Jonas, Paul Maymont, Georges Patrix, Michel Ragon, and Ionel Schein. They published the book entitled Visionnaire d’ Architecture, and held their first exhibition in New York. The PRIZMA (Prism) was produced, which was presented in Paris. The Voom-Voom, the first space-dynamic records depot, was founded in St. Tropez. In 1968 he won the grand award of the 34th Biennial of Venice, furthermore he was awarded the award of the Legion of Honor. A light-dynamic performance was held at the Opera House of Hamburgunder the title of Les Globolinks (with the choreography of Gian Carlo Menotti and Alwin Nikolais). The Lumino-series began with the cooperation of Philips. He exhibited at the Modern Arts Museums of Rome and Paris in 1969, and presented his Prism at the YEAA exhibition in Tokio, then again in Norway. He participated with his works entitled Minieffects and Minisculptures at the Denise René Gallery in Paris, and held an audio-visual demonstration in the street in front of the Musée d’Art Moderne. In the same year he was the lecturer of architectural faculty of the École Nationale Superieure des Beaux-Arts de Paris. In 1970 at the World Exhibition in Osaka, Japan he presented the 12-meter high maquette of the Cybernetic Light Tower of Paris. He exhibited his large Prism at the Howard Gallery and the Museum of Oxford. He also exhibited a prism at the Museum of Modern Art in Tel Aviv in 1971. In 1972 he received the Officers Degree of the Legion of Honors. In 1973 he presented his first automobile sculpture in the streets of Milan (SCAM 1). Schöffer held an experimental cybernetic demonstration at the Opera House of Hamburg under the title of KYLDEX 1 (music: Peirre Henry, choreography: Alwin Nikolais). In 1974 he participated in the Open Circuit Conference in New York, and art Conferences in Athens. He produced and presented his Varetra works, and the reconstruction plans for the Market-Hall of Paris. He erected a 20-meter high space-dynamic sculpture, a version of the Chronos, at the Embarcadero Center in San Fransisco, and a large prism in the chapel of the Sorbonne. In 1976 he received a commission for the exhibition entitled Tíz évszázad Magyar művészete (Ten Centuries of Hungarian Art). He prepared four serigraphs for the Cabinet des Estampes collection. He received the AIAP honor, and held a lecture in front of the Cybernetic Society of the Sorbonne. In 1977 he completed his first light-dynamic carpet, woven from semi-transparent plastic pipes. The Chronos 15 statue was erected in Bonn, while the Chronos 10 in Saint-Jacques de Metz. This was the first year he traveled to Hungary. In 1978 he prepared his work entitled Téléluminoscope 2., and his programmed piece operating with solar cells entitled Soleil (Sun). In 1979 he produced his Delta statues, and his Sun Tower (Tours-Soleil). In 1980 his Chronos 10 B. statue was erected in Munich (16m), and his Chronos 10 in the Open Air Statue Park of Tino Rossi. With the cooperation of Lajos Dargay a Schöffer museum was opened in Kalocsa. In 1981 a pedagogical experiment series was begun under the name of Graphilux in Kalocsa, at kindergartens and primary schools. He conducted musical experiments within the framework of the IRCAM Computer Sound-structure Research program. In 1982 he was co-opted into the Fine Arts Branch of the French Academy, In Hungary he received the bronze award from the Hungarian Republic’s Order of Flags. He created the so-called Billenő (Tilting) sculptures. The 24 meter high cybernetic light tower named Chronos 8 was erected in Kalocsa. In 1983 he received a separate hall in at the International Electra Exhibition in Paris. Schöffer created his Hydrothermochronos works, composed of water, fire and lasers, in the same year. The large Prism was erected at the Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest, together with the Chronos 5. sculpture. He published his research conducted with the IRCAM program. He received the Knight Award of the Legion of Honor. In 1984 the first International Schöffer Seminar was held in Kalocsa (New technologies in Modern Artistic Research). In 1985 he produced the works entitled Percussonor and Sloeolson, and finished the plans of the Heliocephalochronos. The Second International Schöffer Seminar was organized in Kalocsa (Computers and Poetry, with the cooperation of Hungarian Workshop of Paris). Due to his illness he experimented with left hand graphical techniques (Choreogrphiques). He received the Leonardo Award from the International Society for the Arts, Science and Technology. In 1987 and 1988 he exhibited the CYSP 1 in the USA. The 40 meter high work entitled Lyoneon was erected in front of a sub-way station in Lyon on the place d’Arsonval, while the 27 meter Tour d’Aint at the meeting point of the A40 and A42 highways. In 1988 he began new experimentation with graphics on Macintosh computers (Ordigraphics). In 1989 Schöffer received the Commanding Officer’s rank of the Legion of Honor. Schöffer’s works were exhibited at number of exhibitions. Even following his death (e.g.: 1994: Centre Noroit, Arras; Pompidou Centre, Paris; Munich; 1996: Paris, Tokyo, etc.). The Lux 10 was exhibited at the Kiyoharu Shirakaba Museum, then at the Modern Arts Museum of Tokyo. The first web site of his art was designed at this time (the work of Partick Malan and Eléonore Schöffer) In 1988 the Cybernetic Light tower of Liége was restored, and was chosen part of the Belgian National Heritage. The International Schöffer Honorary Community held its first meeting in Paris in the same year.
One-Man Shows:
1947, 1948 • Galerie Breteau, Paris
1950 • Galerie des Deux-Iles, Paris
1952 • Galerie Mai, Paris • Galerie des Beaux Arts
1953 • Galerie Colette Allendy
1958 • Galerie Denise René, Paris
1960 • Institute of Contemporary Arts, London
1961 • Palais des Beaux Arts de Bruxelles
1962 • Galerie Breteau, Paris • Galerie des Deux-Iles
1963 • Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Pavillon de Marsan, Paris
1964 • Stedelijk M., Amsterdam • Eindhoven • Tel-Aviv
1965 • SIGMA, Bordeaux • Jewish Museum, New York [with Jean Tinguely]
1966 • Galerie of Modern Art, Washington [with Jean Tinguely] • Walker Art Center, Minneapolis [with Jean Tinguely] • Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh [with Jean Tinguely] • Contemporary Art Council of the Seattle Art Museum (USA) [with Jean Tinguely]
1968 • Gallery Waddel, New York • Kunsthalle, Düsseldorf • Farnese Studio, Rome
1970 • Denise René Galerie, Paris • Krefeld (D)
1972 • Gallery D. René, New York • University Neuchâtel (CH)
1973 • M. d'Aarau (CH) • Centre Industria Montedison, Milan
1974 • G. Arte, Caracas • Museum of Modern Art, Paris • Galerie Denise René, Paris
1976 • Műcsarnok, Budapest
1982 • Galerie Artcurial, Paris • Műcsarnok, Budapest
1989 • Hungarian Institute, Paris
1993 • N. Schöffer and J. Tinguely, Galerie Denise René, Paris
1994 • Idéospher de N. Schöffer, Amiens • Beauvais • Laon • Retrospectiv Exhibition, Munich
1998 • De la figuration a la cybernétique, Association „Le Pont Neuf”, Paris. Selected Group Exhibitions:
1946 • Exposition Internationale de l'UNESCO, Paris
1947 • Peintres, sculpteurs et graveurs hongrois de l'École de Paris, Galerie de Bussy, Paris • Salon des Réalités Nouvelles
1948 • La Rose des Vents, Galerie des Deus-Iles, Paris
1951 • Salon de la Jeun Sculpture
1953 • Quatre et Quatre
1954, 1956 • Exhibition of Abstract Sculpture, Denise René Galerie, Paris
1957 • Salon des Réalités Nouvelles • Gradska G. Suvremene Umietnosti, Zagrab
1958 • Art of the 21th century, [Palais des Expositions/Charleroi], Denise René Galerie, Paris • Sculpture, Galerie Claude Bernard, Paris • Young Sculptors and Painters, Rodin Museum, Paris • Contemporary French Sculpture, Rodin Museum, Paris
1959 • Salon of The Young Sculptors • 5th Biennial of Outdoor Sculpture, Anvers (FR) • Leverkusen Museum, Leverkusen • 53. Congres International des Chrysanthemistes, Rouen • Documenta 2, Kassel
1961 • National Gallery of Rhodesia, Salisbury • 6th Biennial of São Paulo (BR)
1962 • Artist et Objets, Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris
1964 • Documenta 3, Museum Fridericianum, Kassel • Ten Years, Tate Gallery, London
1966 • Light and Motion, Musée d'Art Moderne, Paris • GIAP-Exhibition, Galerie Arnaud, Paris
1967 • Carnegie International, Pittsburgh • La Luce, G. l'Obelisco, Rome
1970 • The Exhibition of The Mendoza Foundation, Caracas • Twentieth Century Artists of Hungarian Extraction Living Abroad, Műcsarnok, Budapest
1971 • 4th Exhibition of Contemporary Sculpture, Rodin Múzeum, Paris • Art and Science, Tel-Aviv
1972 • Art and Craft Technologies, Vitry-sur-Seine
1976 • Kunst Licht in der malerei, Munich • Art and Science, Ville de Gentilly (FR) • Objects in the City, Luxemburg • Carpets of Five Centuries, Musée Beauvais (FR)
1977 • 8th International Biennial of Textile Art, Lausanne • Exhibition of Architecture, Bonn
1978 • Documentary Exhibition of Architecture, Chatou (FR)
1979 • Présence Paris-Budapest, Orangerie des Jardins du Luxembourg, Paris
1981 • The 2nd Henry Moore Grand Prize, Hakone Open-Air Museum (JP)
1982 • Reverence to Fatherland, Műcsarnok, Budapest
1984 • 100 Great Life-work, Grand Palais, Paris • Hommage à Michel Ragon, Alt Center, Paris
1987 • Light Sculpture, Amstelveen (NL) • Art in Europe, Museum of Modern Art, Saint-Étienne • Computer and Art, Museum of Modern Art, Syracuse és Cincinnati (USA)
1988 • Gallery IBM, New York • Hommage cinematographique à N. Schöffer, Galerie Pompidou, Paris
1989 • Exhibition of The French Academy, Moscow • Choréographics et Ordigraphics, Galerie Denise René, Paris
1991 • Academy of Fine Arts Château d'O, Montpellier • 4th Sculpture Biennial, Auxerre
1992 • Art and Motion. Exhibition of The Maeght Foundation, Saint Paul de Vence • First Studies to the restoration of the Liège Tower • FIAC, Galerie Denise René, Paris
1993 • Hungarian Institute, Paris
1994 • Hommage à N. Schöffer, Centre Noroit, Arras • Avantgarde Art in Europe, Bonn • Villes radicales et Mégastructures, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris
1996 • Les Champs de la Sculpture, Champs-Elysées, Paris • [LUX 10.], Kiyoharu Shirakaba M., Tokio
1998 • [LUX 14 S.E.C.], Sculpture Festival, Taivan • Exhibition of the Paris City Hall [Display of the Cybernetic Light Tower in Paris].
Books:
Le Spatiodynamisme, 1954
La ville cybernetique, 1969 (1972)
Le nouvel Esprit Artistique, 1970
La Tour Lumière Cybernetique, 1973
La Nouvelle Charte de la Ville, 1974
Művészet és Társadalom (Art and Society) (album), 1976
Perturbation et Chronocratie, 1978
La Théorie des Miroirs, 1981
Varigraphies (album), Budapest, 1987
Surface et Espace, 1990.
Films:
Sculptures, Projections, Peintures, 1956
Fer Chaud, 1957
Spatiodynamisme, 1958
Mayola, 1958
A liège-i Fénytorony (The Liège Light Tower), 1961
TV-történeti program: Fénydinamikus variációk (TV-Historical Program: Light-dinamical Variations) (video-tentative relay), 1961)
Pavillon de Marsan, 1963
Le GIAP, 1965
Tout voir, 1966
Astronomie (ballet with the music of Pierre Henry), 1968
A Défense negyedbe tervezett Kibernetikus Fénytorony, (The Cybernetic Light Tower designed to the „Défense” Quarter) 1971
Kyldex 1., 1973
N. Schöffer, 1973
Luminodinamikus variációk (Luminodynamic Variations), 1974
Le grand Prisme de la Sorbonne, 1974
N. Schöffer, 1983
Sík és Tér (Plane and Space), 1991
Schöffer életműve (Schöffer’s Lifework) (a film made for this event: Manifest, une histoire paralléle) Académie Amiens, 1992
Tér-Fény-Idő (Space-Light-Time) [directed.: Bernard Vincent], 1994.
Tv-films:
Nicolas Schöffer művei, (Schöffer’s Works) MTV, 1980
Nicolas Schöffer, MTV Budapest, 1981
Fénydinamikus variációk, (Luminodynamic Variations) ATV, 1982.
Bibliography:
Hahn, O.: ~, sculpteur de la lumière, L'Express, Paris, 1966. május 9.
Habasque, G.-Cassou, J.: ~ (monogr., Neuchâtel, 1963)
Sers, P.: Beszélgetés Schöfferrel, Paris, 1971
Aknai, T.: ~, Budapest, 1975.
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